Tariq Rauf, former Director of SIPRI’s Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-proliferation Programme, explains the ‘old’ and ‘new’ nuclear dangers confronting the world, reveals how and why the 65-nation UN Conference on Disarmament in Geneva remains blocked for nearly two decades, with each of the 65 members exercising veto, explores why the CTBT has not entered into force after 21 years, looks at North Korea and describes the difficulties on way to the Middle East becoming a nuclear weapons and WMD free zone. Venue of the interview during the Pugwash Conference on ‘Confronting New Nuclear Dangers’ (August 25-29, 2017) was the Radisson Hotel in Astana, Kazakhstan.