By Rita Joshi*
BONN, Germany | 18 June 2025 (IDN) — While Brazil positions itself as a global climate leader in the lead-up to COP30, its actions at home are drawing sharp criticism. On 17 June, as diplomats and civil society gathered in Bonn for pre-COP30 negotiations, Brazil’s National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) held its 5th Cycle of the Permanent Concession Offer—a fossil fuel auction that included 172 oil and gas blocks, with 68 located in the ecologically critical Brazilian Amazon.
Among the blocks auctioned, 47 were situated in the mouth of the Amazon, one of the most biodiverse and environmentally sensitive marine regions on the planet. Of these, 19 were successfully concessioned, covering 16,312 km² of marine territory. Multinational giants Chevron and China’s CNPC acquired nine blocks, while ExxonMobil and state-owned Petrobras secured ten, furthering the fossil fuel industry’s encroachment into the Amazon biome.
Indigenous rights sidelined, legal norms ignored
The decision has provoked fierce backlash from Indigenous leaders, environmentalists, and legal experts who accuse the Brazilian government of hypocrisy and negligence. The auction proceeded without the free, prior, and informed consent of Indigenous and traditional communities in the region—an explicit violation of ILO Convention 169, to which Brazil is a signatory.
“This auction took place without respecting our right to be consulted,” said Chief Jonas Mura, a leader of the Mura People. “If the Great Creator left oil and gas deep underground, it’s because it’s not meant to be brought up. It brings destruction, pollution, poverty, and disease. We want the Amazon free from oil and gas.”
The environmental risks of the auction are compounded by the lack of comprehensive impact assessments. No Environmental Assessment of Sedimentary Area (AAAS) was conducted prior to the concessioning of the blocks. Although not legally mandatory, Brazil’s environmental regulator Ibama and the Ministry of Environment have repeatedly emphasized the importance of such studies to guide responsible planning and licensing.
In addition, Brazil’s Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office recently filed for an injunction to suspend the auction, citing procedural flaws, insufficient environmental and social impact analysis, and the failure to consult affected communities. The government proceeded regardless.
Critics argue that the auction severely undermines Brazil’s credibility as host of COP30—the world’s most important climate summit, scheduled to be held later this year in the Amazonian city of Belém. They warn that Brazil is sending contradictory signals to the international community: advocating for climate action abroad while expanding fossil fuel frontiers at home.
‘Auction of Death’: Campaigners condemn ‘climate betrayal’
“At the very moment the world gathers in Bonn to prepare for COP30, the Brazilian government is auctioning the Amazon to the fossil fuel industry,” said Gisela Hurtado, senior Amazonia campaigner at Stand.earth. “This ‘Leilão da Morte’—Auction of Death—not only threatens Indigenous territories but defies the principles of the Paris Agreement. There is no climate justice without Indigenous rights, no just transition without keeping fossil fuels in the ground.”
Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has styled himself as a champion of climate action, promising to reduce Amazon deforestation and support a just energy transition. Yet the auction reveals deep contradictions between this narrative and domestic energy policy. Environmental advocates say Brazil is missing a crucial opportunity to lead by example and transition to renewable energy, especially given its vast potential in wind, solar, and hydroelectric power.
“This decision contradicts the environmental protection promises made by a government elected under that very banner,” said Ilan Zugman, director of 350.org Latin America. “Rather than leading a just energy transition, the government is doubling down on an outdated fossil fuel model—one that jeopardizes the future and repeats the mistakes of the past.”
The stakes are especially high given the Amazon’s critical role in regulating the global climate. Scientific studies have warned that any new fossil fuel development in the Amazon threatens to push ecosystems closer to collapse, releasing massive amounts of carbon and accelerating global warming. Environmentalists point out that with the world teetering near the 1.5°C warming threshold, Brazil’s auction sends the wrong message at a crucial moment.
“Brazil has just sent a terrible signal to those who care about life and the future of this planet,” said Carolina Marçal of Instituto ClimaInfo.”By auctioning off oil blocks in the Amazon, the country is fueling the climate crisis. Beautiful words and empty agreements will not save the world from extreme weather events. Brazil has everything it needs to lead a just transition—and oil is certainly not part of the future in a world on fire.”
Legal experts are also alarmed by the decision, warning that it may contravene Brazil’s constitutional and international obligations. “With the world on the brink of reaching the 1.5°C threshold, the decision to auction oil blocks in sensitive areas puts Brazil at odds with global climate efforts,” said Mauricio Guetta of Avaaz. “The damage to biodiversity and Indigenous Peoples will be irreversible.”
As the countdown to COP30 continues, civil society is demanding greater coherence between Brazil’s climate rhetoric and its domestic policies. The auction may have delivered short-term wins for oil companies, but it has also sparked a long-term political and ethical reckoning. [IDN-InDepthNews]
*Note: This report is based on a press release of 350.org, an international advocacy organization dedicated to fighting the climate crisis.
Image: Climate protest in Bonn. Credit: 350.org
